Analysis of the impact of a diabetes education program on glycemic control and prevalence of chronic complications

ABSTRACT Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease of increasing importance in public health, associated with chronic complications including retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. This study assessed the impact of strategic DM education actions on glycemic control and prevalence of chronic complications in patients with DM. Subjects and methods: Retrospective, quantitative, cohort study at a diabetes patients association comprised of a multidisciplinary team. In all, 533 individuals with DM were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire and medical records. Of these, 333 patients evaluated for 12 to 24 months, with type 2 DM (T2DM, n = 317) and other types of DM (n = 16), were selected to collect data on retinopathy and diabetes kidney disease (DKD). Results: There was a predominance of elderly individuals, low education level, women, high rate of overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, dietary errors, dyslipidemia, and T2DM. More patients with T2DM versus type 1 DM had optimal glycemic control (46.3% vs. 12.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). The impact of the educational processes was demonstrated by the analysis of the initial and final glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) levels. There was an increased prevalence of individuals with well-controlled DM during follow-up (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.76, 95%, p = 0.001), along with a significant reduction in retinopathy (PR: 0.679, p = 0.001) and albuminuria (PR: 0.637, 95%, p = 0.002) when these variables were evaluated in well-controlled versus uncontrolled HbA1c groups. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach with integration and quality was associated with improvements in DM control and reduced occurrence of chronic DM complications.

Analysis of the impact of a diabetes education program on glycemic control and prevalence of chronic complications.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease of increasing importance in public health, associated with chronic complications including retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. This study assessed the impact of strategic DM education actions on glycemic control and prevalence of chronic complications in patients with DM. Subjects and methods: Retrospective, quantitative, cohort study at a diabetes patients association comprised of a multidisciplinary team. In all, 533 individuals with DM were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire and medical records. Of these, 333 patients evaluated for 12 to 24 months, with type 2 DM (T2DM, n = 317) and other types of DM (n = 16), were selected to collect data on retinopathy and diabetes kidney disease (DKD). Results: There was a predominance of elderly individuals, low education level, women, high rate of overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, dietary errors, dyslipidemia, and T2DM. More patients with T2DM versus type 1 DM had optimal glycemic control (46.3% vs. 12.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). The impact of the educational processes was demonstrated by the analysis of the initial and final glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) levels. There was an increased prevalence of individuals with well-controlled DM during follow-up (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.76, 95%, p = 0.001), along with a significant reduction in retinopathy (PR: 0.679, p = 0.001) and albuminuria (PR: 0.637, 95%, p = 0.002) when these variables were evaluated in well-controlled versus uncontrolled HbA1c groups. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach with integration and quality was associated with improvements in DM control and reduced occurrence of chronic DM complications.

The importance of active surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in colonization rates in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of active carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) surveillance and evaluate the prevalence of invasive infections, risk factors, and mortality risk in CRE-colonized patients. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study analyzing 1,920 patients identified using an active CRE surveillance protocol, admitted to an adult intensive care unit in southeastern Brazil from January 2014 to December 2018. RESULTS: There were 297 (15.47%) CRE colonized patients, with one colonized for every six control patients. CRE-colonized patients demonstrated an increased chance of infection (odds ratio [OR] 7.967, p < 0.001). Overall, 20.54% of the colonized patients presented invasive infection (81.96% due to Klebsiella pneumoniae). The colonization and infection ratio demonstrated the important role of the active CRE surveillance protocol. There were identified multiple risk factors for CRE colonization, including long-term mechanical ventilation (OR 1.624, p = 0.019) and previous exposure to aminopenicillins (OR 5.204, p < 0.001), carbapenems (OR 3.703, p = 0.017), cephalosporins (OR 12.036, p < 0.001), and fluoroquinolones (OR 5.238, p = 0.012). The mortality risk was significantly higher among colonized (OR 2.356, p < 0.001) and colonized-infected (OR 2.000, p = 0.009) patients and in those with Enterobacter cloacae colonization (OR 5.173, p < 0,001) and previous aminopenicillins exposure (OR 3.452, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of CRE colonization through screening testing proved to be an important tool to control CRE spread. However, observation over the years has shown no effective control of colonization and infection. The prevalence rates of CRE colonization and colonization-infection were high, as were the mortality rates. In conclusion, an active CRE surveillance protocol is essential, but its impact depends on the effective implementation of preventive measures and feedback between team members.

Patient safety culture in the intensive care unit: cross-study.

INTRODUCTION: Patient safety culture has been the reason for great concern for the scientific community due to the high number of failures resulting from the provision of health care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception regarding the patient safety culture and their differences between categories, in the professional teams of the adult intensive care unit (ICU). METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, to evaluate the patient safety culture developed in the unit adult ICU of a public university hospital. RESULTS: In this survey, 138 employees of the ICU participated, among them: physicians, psychologists, nutritionists, physiotherapists, nurses, nursing technicians, and secretaries. There was a predominance of nursing technicians (76.8%) and work experience time from 5 to ≥ 21 years (62.3%). The overall mean of the safety culture in the ICU was 57.80, and the domains with the best average were stress perception (73.84) and satisfaction at work (72.38) and with the worst mean was the perception of hospital management (42.69). The perception of safety attitudes in the professional category of physicians presented a general average of 61.63, being strengthened to job satisfaction (77,89) and with a higher perception in relation to nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The overall ICU average for the patient safety culture was less than 75, which demonstrates a team with weakened safety attitude and, in addition, low perceptions of safety attitudes based on the results of management domains, working conditions and communication failures.

Combined use of coagulation (M. oleifera) and electrochemical techniques in the treatment of industrial paint wastewater for reuse and/or disposal.

In this work, water-based paint (WBP) wastewater was treated using a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera aqueous extract (MOAE), fortified with Ca2+ (from nitrate and chloride salts). In order to improve the quality of the treated wastewater and render it suitable for disposal, an electrolytic flow process was associated with the wastewater treatment using a filter-press reactor with a boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The feasibility of the treatment was evidenced by the reuse of the treated wastewater in the production of a new paint (manufactured by the company supplying the raw wastewater), whose quality was compatible with the water used by the manufacturer. The best conditions for the coagulation-flocculation process involved the use of 80 mL of MOAE (50 g/L of MO and 0.125 mol/L of Ca2+) for every 1.0 L of wastewater at pH 6.5. The limiting current density (35 mA/cm2) and an electrolysis time of 90 min (charge passed of 3.68 A h/L) were used in the electrochemical treatment. Biotoxicity assays using the brine shrimp Artemia salina revealed that the mortality (in %) of microcrustaceans was reduced from 100% (raw wastewater) to only 11% at the end of the electrolysis process, in addition to eliminating the strong odor and 85% of the organic load. Moreover, microbiological tests showed that the number of mesophiles decreased by more than six orders of magnitude and there was no growth of thermotolerant coliforms (TC).

Factors associated with family dysfunction among non-institutionalized older people / Factores asociados con disfuncionalidad familiar en adultos mayores no institucionalizados / Fatores associados à disfuncionalidade familiar em idosos não institucionalizados1

The objective of this study was to analyze the factors and their prevalence associated with family dysfunction, as well as the functional capacity of the elderly population, in the capital of the state of Goiás, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional and analytical study, which was developed with elderly people who reported family dysfunction. Global capacity and family dynamics were analyzed. For the 149 elderly people with family dysfunction, there was prevalence of the female gender, aged between 60 to 69, married, multi-person home, normal health, and presence of pain. Functional capacity evaluation revealed partial dependence for self-care. In the family dynamics, dialog and time shared by the family were the most fragile aspects, with moderate satisfaction for all domains. High family dysfunction remained associated with falls (p=0.003) and previous episodes of acute myocardial infarction (p=0.004) using Poisson's analysis. The elderly expressed preserved functional autonomy and capacity regarding self-care and social living.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la disfuncionalidad familiar y la capacidad funcional de la comunidad anciana de la capital de Goiás, en Brasil. Estudio trasversal, analítico, desarrollado con ancianos que relataron disfuncionalidad familiar. Fueron analizadas la capacidad global y la dinámica familiar. Para los 149 ancianos con disfuncionalidad familiar, hubo prevalencia del género femenino, edad de 60 a 69 años, estado civil casado, hogares multipersonales, salud regular y presencia de dolor. La evaluación de la capacidad funcional mostró dependencia parcial para autocuidado. En la dinámica familiar, los aspectos más frágiles fueron dialogo y tiempo que la familia se queda junto, con satisfacción moderada para todos los dominios. El alta disfuncionalidad familiar permaneció asociada a la queda (p=0,003) y al episodio anterior de infarto agudo de miocardio (p=0,004) en el análisis de Poisson. Los ancianos expresaron envejecimiento activo con autonomía y capacidad funcional preservadas con relación al autocuidado y al convivio social.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à disfuncionalidade familiar, bem como a capacidade funcional da comunidade idosa da capital do Estado de Goiás. Estudo transversal, analítico, desenvolvido com idosos que relataram disfuncionalidade familiar. Foram analisadas a capacidade global e a dinâmica familiar. Para os 149 idosos com disfuncionalidade familiar, houve prevalência do gênero feminino, faixa etária dos 60 a 69 anos, estado civil casado, lares multipessoais, saúde regular e presença de dor. A avaliação da capacidade funcional revelou dependência parcial para autocuidado. Na dinâmica familiar, os aspectos mais frágeis foram o diálogo e o tempo que a família compartilha, com satisfação moderada para todos os domínios. A elevada disfunção familiar permaneceu associada à queda (p=0,003) e ao episódio pregresso de infarto agudo do miocárdio (p=0,004) na análise de Poisson. Os idosos expressaram autonomia e capacidade funcional preservadas quanto ao autocuidado e ao convívio social.

Family functionality in oldest old household residents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with family functionality of non-institutionalized long-lived subjects, who were residents in Goiânia (GO), Brazil. METHOD: This was a population-based epidemiological study with cross-sectional outline. Evaluation scales of the functional and cognitive capacities were used. Family dynamics was measured using the Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve (APGAR) instrument by making home interviews with 131 long-lived individuals. RESULTS: There was prevalence of the female gender, average of age of 83.87 years old, widowhood condition, and residence in a big family, primary schooling, and self-perception of regular health. A great amount showed independence for self-care and partial dependence for daily life instrumental activities. Family functionality prevailed with score average of 9.06 points. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, family functionality in long-lived subjects is associated with self-perception of poor/bad health, osteoporosis, and fall. Results allowed characterizing long-lived subjects' family functionality with the aim of valuing and prioritizing family as a caregiver.

Funcionalidade familiar em longevos residentes em domicílio / Funcionalidad familiar en los residentes longevos en el hogar / Family functionality in oldest old household residents

Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados à funcionalidade familiar de longevos não institucionalizados residentes em Goiânia (GO), Brasil. Método: tratou-se de um estudo epidemiológico, de base populacional, com delineamento transversal. Foram aplicadas escalas de avaliação da capacidade funcional e cognitiva. A dinâmica familiar foi mensurada utilizando o Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve (APGAR) por meio de entrevista domiciliar com 131 longevos. Resultados: houve prevalência do sexo feminino, média de idade de 83,87 anos, condição de viuvez, residindo em família extensa, escolaridade primária e autopercepção de saúde regular. Grande parcela despontou independência para autocuidado e dependência parcial para Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária. A funcionalidade familiar prevaleceu com média do escore de 9,06 pontos. Conclusão: concluiu-se que a funcionalidade familiar nos longevos está associada à autopercepção de saúde ruim/péssima, osteoporose e queda. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar a funcionalidade familiar de longevos, com vistas à valorização e à priorização da família como cuidadora. .

Objetivo: se objetivó identificar los factores asociados a la funcionalidad familiar de longevos no institucionalizados que viven en Goiânia (GO), Brasil. Método: eso fue un estudio epidemiológico, de base de populación con diseño transversal. Fueron aplicadas escalas de evaluación de las capacidades funcional y cognitiva. La dinámica familiar fue medida con la utilización del instrumento Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection y Resolve (APGAR), por medio de entrevista a domicilio con 131 longevos. Resultados: se observó que hubo prevalencia del género femenino, media de edad de 83,87 años, condición de viudez, residencia en familia grande, escolaridad primaria, y autopercepción de salud regular. Una grande cuantidad demostró independencia para autocuidado y dependencia parcial para actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. La funcionalidad familiar prevaleció con media del escore de 9,06 puntos. Conclusión: se concluyó que en los longevos la funcionalidad familiar es asociada a la autopercepción de salud mala/pésima, a la osteoporosis, y a la caída. Los resultados permitirán caracterizar la funcionalidad familiar de longevos con el objetivo de valorar y priorizar la familia como cuidadora. .

Objective: the aim of this study was to identify factors associated with family functionality of non-institutionalized long-lived subjects, who were residents in Goiânia (GO), Brazil. Method: this was a population-based epidemiological study with cross-sectional outline. Evaluation scales of the functional and cognitive capacities were used. Family dynamics was measured using the Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve (APGAR) instrument by making home interviews with 131 long-lived individuals. Results: there was prevalence of the female gender, average of age of 83.87 years old, widowhood condition, and residence in a big family, primary schooling, and self-perception of regular health. A great amount showed independence for self-care and partial dependence for daily life instrumental activities. Family functionality prevailed with score average of 9.06 points. Conclusion: in conclusion, family functionality in long-lived subjects is associated with self-perception of poor/bad health, osteoporosis, and fall. Results allowed characterizing long-lived subjects’ family functionality with the aim of valuing and prioritizing family as a caregiver. .

[Associated antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates]. / Resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Enterococcus spp.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of enterococci strains in hospitals, particularly among isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses important problems because of the limited effect of antimicrobial therapy for enterococcal infections. METHODS: This work presents a retrospective investigation of quantitative in vitro susceptibility data for the range of antimicrobials against Enterococcus spp. isolates and evaluation of the association of resistance between antimicrobial agents recommended as the treatment of choice for infections caused by VRE through calculation of the relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 156 enterococci isolates, 40 (25.6%) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials, including 7.7% (n = 12/156) vancomycin resistant. The association of elevated resistance was more pronounced among VRE isolates against alternative and primary antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens, including ampicillin (100%, RR = 7.2), streptomycin (90.9%, RR = 4.9), rifampin (91.7%, RR = 3.1) and linezolid (50%, RR = 11.5), despite high susceptibility to this drug (94.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The significant associated resistance to alternative and first choice antimicrobials used in the treatment of serious infections of strains with the VRE phenotype and that require a combined therapeutic regime, revealed even more limited therapeutic alternatives in the institution analyzed.

Resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Enterococcus spp / Associated antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da prevalência de isolados de enterococos em hospitais, particularmente Enterococcus resistente à vancomicina (VRE), é importante por causa da limitada terapia antimicrobiana efetiva para o tratamento de infecções enterocócicas. MÉTODOS: O presente trabalho apresentou uma investigação retrospectiva de dados de suscetibilidade in vitro quantitativa para uma variedade de antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de Enterococcus spp. e avaliação da associação de resistência entre os agentes antimicrobianos apontados como escolha para o tratamento de infecções causadas por VRE, através do cálculo do risco relativo. RESULTADOS: Dos 156 isolados de enterococos, 40 (25,6 por cento) foram resistentes a três ou mais antimicrobianos, incluindo 7,7 por cento (n = 12/156) resistentes à vancomicina. A associação de resistência elevada foi mais pronunciada entre os isolados de VREs com antimicrobianos alternativos e primários para o tratamento de infecções causadas por estes patógenos, incluindo ampicilina (100 por cento, RR = 7,2), estreptomicina (90,9 por cento, RR = 4,9), rifampicina (91,7 por cento, RR = 3,1) e linezolida (50 por cento, RR = 11,5), apesar da alta taxa de suscetibilidade a esta droga (94,9 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A resistência associada significativa aos antimicrobianos de primeira escolha e alternativos, usados no tratamento de infecções graves por cepas com o fenótipo VRE e que requerem um regime terapêutico combinado, evidencia alternativas terapêuticas ainda mais limitadas na instituição analisada.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of enterococci strains in hospitals, particularly among isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses important problems because of the limited effect of antimicrobial therapy for enterococcal infections. METHODS: This work presents a retrospective investigation of quantitative in vitro susceptibility data for the range of antimicrobials against Enterococcus spp. isolates and evaluation of the association of resistance between antimicrobial agents recommended as the treatment of choice for infections caused by VRE through calculation of the relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 156 enterococci isolates, 40 (25.6 percent) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials, including 7.7 percent (n = 12/156) vancomycin resistant. The association of elevated resistance was more pronounced among VRE isolates against alternative and primary antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens, including ampicillin (100 percent, RR = 7.2), streptomycin (90.9 percent, RR = 4.9), rifampin (91.7 percent, RR = 3.1) and linezolid (50 percent, RR = 11.5), despite high susceptibility to this drug (94.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The significant associated resistance to alternative and first choice antimicrobials used in the treatment of serious infections of strains with the VRE phenotype and that require a combined therapeutic regime, revealed even more limited therapeutic alternatives in the institution analyzed.

Investigação bacteriológica e micológica de placas de cultivo de embriões em laboratório de reprodução humana / Research bacteriological and mycological culture of plates from embryos in the laboratory of human reproduction

Introdução: Em laboratórios de Reprodução Humana, o controle de qualidade é de fundamental importância para o sucesso dos procedimentos. A realização correta dos procedimentos influi diretamente nos resultados, principalmente porque a vagina, o líquido folicular e o sêmen não podem ser esterilizados. Um alto grau de higiene, limpeza e o descarte do material deve ser observado para se evitar contaminação nos meios de cultura e equipamentos. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de contaminação bacteriológica e micológica nas placas de cultivo deembriões humanos e identificar o micro-organismo em gênero e espécie. Métodos: Foram coletadas 125 amostras de placas de cultivo de embriões humanos, após a transferência para o útero materno, em três laboratórios de reprodução humana na cidade de Goiânia (GO), no período de maio de 2009 a maio de 2010. Os meios de cultivo foram inoculados em caldo BHI e incubados na estufa. As amostras que turvaram (positivaram) foram isoladas e identificadas. Resultados: Foram encontradas 6 amostras contaminadas do total de 125, com prevalência de 4,8% de contaminação. Os micro-organismos encontrados foram bactérias do gênero Escherichia coli (50%), Klebsiella sp. (16,6%), Pseudomonas sp.(16,6%) e uma levedura (16,6%). Conclusão: Embora os meios de cultura apresentem os antibióticos penicilina G ou gentamicina, bastonetes Gram-negativos resistentes foram encontrados. Houve prevalência de 4,8% de contaminação. E. coli foi o bastonete Gram-negativo de maior frequência, encontrado em três amostras, das seis contaminadas. Os micro-organismos encontrados e seus quantitativos foram: E. coli (3), Klebsiella sp. (1), Pseudomonas sp. (1), e levedura (1).

Introduction: In human reproduction laboratories, quality control is crucial for the success of procedures. The correct implementation of procedures directly infl uences the results, especially because the vagina, the follicular fl uid and semen can not be sterilized. A high degree of hygiene, cleanliness and disposal of the material must be observed to avoid contamination in the cultural environment and equipment. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination on plates and mycological culture of human embryos and identify the organism in the genus and species. Methods: 125 samples of culture dishes from human embryos, kept in the greenhouse after embryos transfer to the uteruswere collected at three human reproduction laboratories in Goiânia (GO), from May 2009 to May 2010. The culture media were inoculated in BHI broth and incubated. Samples that clouded (positivist) were isolated and identified. Results: We found six contaminated samples of the total 125, with a prevalence of 4.8% contamination. The microorganisms were bacteria like Escherichia coli (50%), Klebsiella sp (16.6%), Pseudomonas sp (16.6%), and yeast (16.6%).

[Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a public hospital in Goiânia, State of Goiás]. / Determinação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa em um hospital público de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás.

This study evaluated the associated antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to an antimicrobial agent with other drugs. The associated antimicrobial resistance was calculated by means of the relative risk. There was an obvious relationship between oxacillin resistance and resistance to other antimicrobial agents among isolates of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (68.5%), greater than 32%, except for linezolid (6.7%). Pronounced associated resistance among drugs was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, particularly for ciprofloxacin and carbapenems (59.6% to 60.7%) and for aminoglycosides and carbapenems (66.3 % to 67.7 %) and other beta-lactam antibiotics (52.3% to 85.8%). The present study emphasizes the importance of diagnostic cultures and susceptibility testing for selecting the correct antimicrobial agent, with regard to the clinical impact of increased multiresistance and selection of associated antimicrobial resistance.

Avaliação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp em um Hospital Público de Goiânia, GO-Brasil / Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp clinical isolates at a public hospital in Goiania city, Brazil

A determinação do nível de resistência em patógenos bacterianos associada a várias classes de drogas tem grande importância, especialmente para auxiliar nos protocolos terapêuticos. Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de dados de suscetibilidade in vitro para uma ampla variedade de antimicrobianos com o fim de quantificar a resistência associada a um antimicrobiano na presença e ausência a outros em isolados de Escherichia coli (n=515), Klebsiella spp (n=653) e Enterobacter spp (n=507). Entre os isolados de Klebsiella spp e E. coli, produtores de ESBL (54,7 por cento - 357/653 e 15,3 por cento - 79/515, respectivamente), foram observadas significantes taxas de resistência associada aos antimicrobianos não relacionados - aminoglicosídeos, ciprofloxacina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. A resistência de Enterobacter spp à cefepima foi associada com um marcante aumento na resistência a todos os outros agentes testados (superior a 80 por cento), exceto à amplicilina-sulbactam (58,7 por cento). Estes dados claramente indicam que a resistência associada não é limitada a uma combinação de uma droga em particular, mas é um evento geral que demonstra a necessidade de maior cautela com relação à terapia empírica, uma vez que é um problema clínico relevante com relação às opções terapêuticas que são afetadas pela presença de resistência associada a drogas não relacionadas.

Determinação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa em um hospital público de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás / Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a public hospital in Goiânia, State of Goiás

Este estudo avaliou a resistência antimicrobiana associada de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus a um agente antimicrobiano com outras drogas. A resistência antimicrobiana associada foi calculada através do risco relativo. Houve uma relação óbvia entre resistência à oxacilina e a outros agentes antimicrobianos entre os isolados de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina (68,5 por cento) superior a 32 por cento, com exceção da linezolida (6,7 por cento). Resistência associada pronunciada entre drogas foi observada para isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularmente entre ciprofloxacina e os carbapenens (59,6 por cento a 60,7 por cento), entre aminoglicosídeos e carbapenens (66,3 por cento a 67,7 por cento) e os demais β-lactâmicos (52,3 por cento a 85,8 por cento). O presente trabalho enfatiza a importância da cultura diagnóstica e do teste de suscetibilidade na seleção de um correto agente antimicrobiano com relação ao impacto clínico no aumento da multirresistência e na seleção de resistência antimicrobiana associada.

This study evaluated the associated antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to an antimicrobial agent with other drugs. The associated antimicrobial resistance was calculated by means of the relative risk. There was an obvious relationship between oxacillin resistance and resistance to other antimicrobial agents among isolates of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (68.5 percent), greater than 32 percent, except for linezolid (6.7 percent). Pronounced associated resistance among drugs was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, particularly for ciprofloxacin and carbapenems (59.6 percent to 60.7 percent) and for aminoglycosides and carbapenems (66.3 percent to 67.7 percent) and other β-lactam antibiotics (52.3 percent to 85.8 percent). The present study emphasizes the importance of diagnostic cultures and susceptibility testing for selecting the correct antimicrobial agent, with regard to the clinical impact of increased multiresistance and selection of associated antimicrobial resistance.

Staphylococcus aureus as source of catheter-related bloodstream infection evaluated by PFGE and rep-PCR typing in a Brazilian hospital.

Staphylococci are a common cause of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI), and epidemiological typing is an important tool for effective infection control. This study evaluated by PFGE and rep-PCR whether Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin and catheter tips were related to specimens isolated from blood. A prospective observational study, carried out in a clinical surgical ward at a Brazilian hospital between September 2000 and November 2002, investigated non-tunneled central venous catheters from 179 patients. S. aureus isolates were mainly obtained from blood (41.4%), while coagulase-negative staphylococci strains were more often isolated from the skin at the catheter insertion site (49.7%) and from the catheter tip (57.5%). Among the 21 strains isolated from 9 patients at 2 or 3 sites simultaneously, 9 were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 12 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Seven patients harbored the same S. aureus strain isolated from the skin, blood and/or catheter tip cultures. MRSA isolates belonged to one PFGE pattern (type A- subtypes A(1), A(2) and A(3)), and to two rep-PCR patterns (a and b). MSSA isolates were distinguished in five PFGE (B to F) and in three rep-PCR (c, d and e) patterns. Both PFGE and rep-PCR methods indicated that the skin at the catheter insertion site was the origin of CR-BSI caused by S. aureus.

Comparison between the jugular and subclavian vein as insertion site for central venous catheters: microbiological aspects and risk factors for colonization and infection.

Bacterial counts were made of catheter insertion site and of catheter tips to help determine risk factors associated with catheterization of the jugular and subclavian veins. Among the 116 patients included in this study, 69% had central venous catheters (CVC) in the subclavian vein. Seven or more days catheterization (p=0.001) and > or =3 invasive devices (p=0.01) were infection risk factors associated with catheterization of the jugular vein. More than half of the patients presented high colony counts at the insertion site (> or =200 CFU/20 cm2) and 27% of the catheter tips were contaminated. The risk factors associated with contaminated catheter tips were > or =14 days hospital stay (p=0.02), > or =7 days catheterization (p=0.01) and antibiotic therapy (p=0.04). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common microorganisms at the insertion site (78%) and in the catheter tip (94%). Five patients presented sepsis (4.1%), four caused by Staphylococci and one by GNB. Twelve patients had the same microorganisms at the insertion site and catheter tip. We found a high prevalence of ORSA (62.5%) and ORCoNS (57.1%) in catheter tips. The high counts of staphylococci, including ORSA and ORCoNS, at the insertion site, and the significant association of this colonization with catheter tip contamination, indicate that the skin is an important reservoir of microorganisms associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI). Health professionals should be aware of this potential source of infection at the CVC insertion site.

Comparison between the jugular and subclavian vein as insertion site for central venous catheters: microbiological aspects and risk factors for colonization and infection

Bacterial counts were made of catheter insertion site and of catheter tips to help determine risk factors associated with catheterization of the jugular and subclavian veins. Among the 116 patients included in this study, 69 percent had central venous catheters (CVC) in the subclavian vein. Seven or more days catheterization (p=0.001) and >3 invasive devices (p=0.01) were infection risk factors associated with catheterization of the jugular vein. More than half of the patients presented high colony counts at the insertion site (>200 CFU/20 cm²) and 27 percent of the catheter tips were contaminated. The risk factors associated with contaminated catheter tips were >14 days hospital stay (p=0.02), >7 days catheterization (p=0.01) and antibiotic therapy (p=0.04). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common microorganisms at the insertion site (78 percent) and in the catheter tip (94 percent). Five patients presented sepsis (4.1 percent), four caused by Staphylococci and one by GNB. Twelve patients had the same microorganisms at the insertion site and catheter tip. We found a high prevalence of ORSA (62.5 percent) and ORCoNS (57.1 percent) in catheter tips. The high counts of staphylococci, including ORSA and ORCoNS, at the insertion site, and the significant association of this colonization with catheter tip contamination, indicate that the skin is an important reservoir of microorganisms associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI). Health professionals should be aware of this potential source of infection at the CVC insertion site